Optimal distributions of central-place foragers: honey bee foraging in a mass flowering crop

Abstract The ideal-free distribution and central-place foraging are important ecological models that can explain the of organisms in their environment. However, this model ignores distance-based costs from a central place (hive, nest), whereas competition. Different currencies cooperation between foragers also create different optimal distributions foragers, but limited to simple two-patch model. We present hybrid uses realistic competitive effects although accounting for foraging, test it using honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) canola fields (Brassica napus L.). Our simulations show maximizing efficiency (energy profits ÷losses) prioritize distance aggregation more than those net-rate ÷time), social move distant patches maximize group benefits, meaning do not approach an distribution. Simulated efficiency-maximizers had hump-shaped relationship trip times with distance, spending shorter amounts time both nearby far-away patches. Canola were far attractive simulated semi-natural areas, suggesting on lands during bloom period canola. Finally, we found observed most closely resembled solitary efficiency-maximizers. has theoretical practical uses, as allows us forager complex landscapes well providing information appropriate hive stocking rates agricultural pollination.